Koka Cardiology · Health Policy Research

PCI Access Maps
U.S. & Canada

Interactive maps examining cardiac catheterization lab access by population density and drive time — challenging the conventional narrative on rural PCI access.

United States
Choropleth
United States
United States · 3,143 Counties
Geometric Centroids
Drive time measured from the mathematical midpoint of each county's land area. Overstates distance in large western counties — shown here to illustrate the distortion.
Open map
Choropleth
United States
United States · 3,143 Counties
Population-Weighted Centroids
Drive time measured from where people actually live — Census 2020 population-weighted county centroids. The methodologically correct approach.
Open map
Bivariate
United States
United States · 84,114 Census Tracts
Estimated Drive Time
Road-adjusted drive time from population-weighted tract centroids (50 mph urban / 40 mph rural). Does not include dispatch, scene time, or round-trip ambulance factor. 98% within 90 minutes.
Open map
Bivariate
United States
United States · 84,114 Census Tracts
Nallamothu Prehospital Time
Total prehospital time per Nallamothu (Circulation 2006): dispatch + round-trip drive + scene time. Includes the full interval from 911 call to hospital arrival. 91.6% within 90 minutes.
Open map
Canada
Choropleth
Canada
Canada · 293 Census Divisions
Geometric Centroids
Drive time from the geographic midpoint of each census division. Uses geometric centroids for all regions — the naive approach, shown for contrast.
Open map
Bivariate
Canada
Canada · 293 Census Divisions
Estimated Drive Time
Road-adjusted drive time from population-weighted centroids (50 mph urban / 40 mph rural). Same methodology as U.S. primary analysis. 81.2% within 90 minutes.
Open map
Bivariate
Canada
Canada · 293 Census Divisions
Nallamothu Prehospital Time
Total prehospital time per Nallamothu (Circulation 2006): dispatch + round-trip drive + scene time. 75.5% within 90 minutes.
Open map